Tables
TABLE 1.1: CONSTRUCTED VARIABLE GUANXI.USE
Value Frequency Percent
0 39 10.1
1 17 4.4
2 20 5.2
3 43 11.1
4 67 17.4
5 22 5.7
6 48 12.4
7 39 10.1
8 38 9.8
9 22 5.7
10 13 3.4
11 13 3.4
12 5 1.3
------- -------
Total 427 100.0
Mean 5.078 Std err .156 Median 5.000
Mode 4.000 Std dev 3.058 Variance 9.350
Kurtosis -.701 S E Kurt .248 Skewness .109
S E Skew .124 Range 12.000 Minimum .000
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. 41 missing cases or
9.6 %.
TABLE 1.2: GUANXI.USE CATEGORIZED
Value Label Frequency Percent
least use 76 19.7
little use 110 28.5
more use 109 28.2
most use 91 23.6
------- -------
427 100.0
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. 41 missing cases or
9.6 %. Recoding scores: 0, 1 and 2 as "least use," 3 and 4 as "little
use," 5, 6 and 7 as "more use," and 8-12 as "most use."
Mean 1.557 Std err .054 Median 2.000
Mode 1.000 Std dev 1.056 Variance 1.115
Kurtosis -1.207 S E Kurt .248 Skewness -.051
S E Skew .124 Range 3.000 Minimum .000
Maximum 3.000 Sum 601.000
TABLE 4.1: SZU 1993 ADMISSIONS BY DEPARTMENTS
program length
DEPT MAJORS 4-yr 2-3 yr CEE*
Architecture architecture (5 yr) 28 659s
industrial design 9 636s
Chemistry food chemistry 13 629s
applied chemistry 15 630s
biology 14 589s
Chinese Ch/English secretary 17 24 687a/606a
advertising 20 688a
tourism 20 616a
Civil civil engineering 15 643s
Engineering real estate development 10 632s
engineering project superv 12 649s
Economics int'l accounting 19 739a/698s
sez accounting 59 640a/605s
accounting 75 614a/566s
Electrical computer 38 660s
Engineering radio 31 661s
information management 39 571s
household appliances 25 581s
Foreign Language English 31 22 651a/630a
Int'l Finance Int'l finance 38 735a/724s
& Trade Int'l trade 27 726a/690s
Finance & securities 76 616a/573s
Law Int'l econ law 23 665a
Taiwan, HongKong, Macau law 16 682a
Management hotel management 43 595a/566s
real estate 24 669a/628s
enterprise management 25 656a/628s
Mathematics management of econ info 18 626s
Mechanical electrical precision 11 639s
Engineering automation 16 628s
electrical projects 19 591s
Physics applied physics 19 633s
quality control 19 582s
Public office automation 34 600a
Administration public administration 22 683a
Total students: 556 410
majors offered 25 12
*CEE - average college entrance score for major. Scores vary
according to where high school students are in arts (a) or
science (s) track. TABLE 5.1: HOW STUDENTS FOUND PRESENT JOB
Col Pct BY HIM/ CAMPUS PUBLIC INTRO- OTHER
HER SELF RECRUIT- ADVER- DUCED TO Row
GUANXI USED MENT TISEMENT JOB Total
--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 14.6 | 37.0 | 55.6 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 72
least use | | | | | | 20.4
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 35.4 | 34.3 | 22.2 | 20.5 | 26.1 | 101
little use | | | | | | 28.6
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 36.6 | 21.3 | 22.2 | 28.7 | 39.1 | 101
more use | | | | | | 28.6
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 13.4 | 7.4 | | 43.4 | 30.4 | 79
most use | | | | | | 22.4
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Column 82 108 18 122 23 353
Total 23.2 30.6 5.1 34.6 6.5 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=93.2, p<.001. Number of Missing Observations: 75
TABLE 5.2: REVIEW OF TRANSCRIPT BY HOW STUDENTS FOUND
PRESENT JOB
Row Pct |
|REVIEWED NOT Row
| REVIEWED Total
HOW FOUND JOB ----+--------+--------+
| 79.0 | 21.0 | 81
BY HIM/HER SELF | | | 22.5
+--------+--------+
CAMPUS | 88.2 | 11.8 | 110
RECRUITMENT | | | 30.6
+--------+--------+
PUBLIC | 83.3 | 16.7 | 18
ADVERTISEMENT | | | 5.0
+--------+--------+
| 76.6 | 23.4 | 128
| | | 35.6
INTRODUCED TO JOB+-----------------|
| 52.2 | 47.8 | 23
OTHER | | | 6.4
+--------+--------+
Column 286 74 360
Total 79.4 20.6 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=16.4, p<.005. Number of Missing Observations: 68
TABLE 5.3: PLACE OF WORK IN RELATION TO PARENTS' HOME
Col Pct |
|OUTSIDE SHENZHEN
|SEZ SEZ Row Total
+--------+--------+
| 29.8 | 1.3 | 33
OUTSIDE SEZ | | | 12.8
+--------+--------+
| 70.2 | 98.7 | 225
SHENZHEN SEZ | | | 87.2
+--------+--------+
Column 104 154 258
Total 40.3 59.7 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=45.2, p<.001. Number of Missing Observations: 170
TABLE 5.4: WHETHER HOUSING PROVIDED BY STUDENT'S GENDER
Col Pct |
|MALE FEMALE
| Row
| | | Total
HOUSING PROVIDED +--------+--------+
| 64.3 | 45.0 | 135
YES | | | 56.3
+--------+--------+
| 35.7 | 55.0 | 105
NO | | | 43.8
+--------+--------+
Column 140 100 240
Total 58.3 41.7 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=8.8, p<.005. Number of Missing Observations: 1
TABLE 5.5: WHETHER HOUSING PROVIDED BY TYPE OF WORKUNIT
WORKUNIT TYPE
Col Pct |
|STATE JOINT SOLE OTHER
|COMPANY/ VENTURE FOREIGN Row
|BUREAU | | OWNED | | Total
HOUSE --------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 64.2 | 46.7 | 20.7 | 55.0 | 133
YES | | | | | 55.9
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 35.8 | 53.3 | 79.3 | 45.0 | 105
NO | | | | | 44.1
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Column 159 30 29 20 238
Total 66.8 12.6 12.2 8.4 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=20.0, p<.001. Number of Missing Observations: 3
TABLE 5.6: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN USING GUANXI TO FIND A
JOB AND GETTING EMPLOYER PROVIDED HOUSING
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
Housing provided 125 5.1120 2.990 .267
No housing 98 3.9184 2.952 .298
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. t=2.98, p<.005
TABLE 5.7: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADMITTING TO USING THE
BACK DOOR AND OBTAINING EMPLOYER-PROVIDED
HOUSING
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
HOUSING 128 1.1484 1.323 .117
NO HOUSING 102 .6667 1.180 .117
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. t=1.26, p<.005
TABLE 5.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION OF GUANXI USE
AND OBTAINING HOUSING
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
HOUSING 126 2.6667 1.035 .092
NO HOUSING 102 2.3137 1.364 .135
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. t=1.74, p<.05
TABLE 5.9: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADMITTING USING GUANXI
(BUT NOT BACK DOOR) AND OBTAINING HOUSING
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
HOUSING 125 2.1040 1.560 .140
NO HOUSING 98 1.4898 1.626 .164
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. t=1.09, p<.005
TABLE 7.1: SELF-REPORTED CLASS STANDING AT GRADUATION
quintile percent frequency
top 1/5 30.7 134
top 2/5 30.7 134
top 3/5 26.1 114
bottom 2/5 9.2 40
bottom 1/5 3.4 15
total 100.00 437
Data for 1993 seniors at time of graduation. Missing cases 110
TABLE 7.2: GUANXI USE BY CLASS STANDING
quintile mean std. dev. cases
For Entire Population 5.2 3.1 389
TOP 1/5 5.0 3.2 122
TOP 2/5 5.2 3.2 115
TOP 3/5 4.7 2.8 102
BOTTOM 2/5 6.5 3.1 39
BOTTOM 1/5 5.8 3.5 11
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. Total Cases = 547;
Missing Cases = 158 OR 28.9 PCT. According to a oneway analysis of
variance the differences between mean scores in two variable groups are
significant at the .05 level: top 3/5 and bottom 2/5.
TABLE 8.1: CLASS STANDING BY GENDER
Col Pct
³ MALE ³ FEMALE ³ Total
STANDING ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 24.6 ³ 42.1 ³ 133
TOP 1/5 ³ ³ ³ 30.7
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 28.1 ³ 35.5 ³ 133
TOP 2/5 ³ ³ ³ 30.7
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 29.5 ³ 19.7 ³ 113
TOP 3/5 ³ ³ ³ 26.1
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 13.2 ³ 2.0 ³ 40
BOTTOM 2/5 ³ ³ ³ 9.2
ÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 4.6 ³ .7 ³ 14
BOTTOM 1/5 ³ ³ ³ 3.2
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
Column 281 152 433
Total 64.9 35.1 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Chisq=33.5, p<.001
TABLE 8.3: 1993 GRADUATES WORKING AT GRADUATION BY
GENDER
³ Row
Col Pct ³ MALE ³ FEMALE ³ Total
WORKING ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 75.6 ³ 89.9 ³ 424
YES ³ ³ ³ 80.5
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 24.4 ³ 10.1 ³ 103
NO ³ ³ ³ 19.5
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
Column 348 179 527
Total 66.0 34.0 100.0
Chisq = 15.5, p < .001
Number of Missing Observations: 21
TABLE 8.4: 1994 GRADUATES WORKING AT GRADUATION BY GENDER
Col Pct ³ Row
³ MALE ³ FEMALE ³ Total
WORKING ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 53.3 ³ 39.2 ³ 336
UNEMPLOYED ³ ³ ³ 48.1
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 15.6 ³ 31.8 ³ 150
BANKING/FINANCE ³ ³ ³ 21.5
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 7.4 ³ 7.5 ³ 52
REAL ESTATE/ ³ ³ ³ 7.4
CONSTRUCTION ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 16.0 ³ 16.1 ³ 112
BUSINESS/TRADE ³ ³ ³ 16.0
ÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 7.7 ³ 5.5 ³ 48
GOVERNMENT BUREAU³ ³ ³ 6.9
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
Column 443 255 698
Total 63.5 36.5 100.0
Number of Missing Observations: 57
Chisq = 27.5, p<.001
TABLE 8.5: HOW STUDENTS FOUND PRESENT JOB BY STUDENT'S
SEX
Col Pct ³
³ Row
³ MALE ³ FEMALE ³ Total
FINDING ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 24.0 ³ 21.2 ³ 94
BY HIM/HER SELF ³ ³ ³ 23.0
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
CAMPUS ³ 26.0 ³ 37.1 ³ 123
RECRUITMENT ³ ³ ³ 30.1
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
PUBLIC ³ 5.0 ³ 6.0 ³ 22
ADVERTISEMENT ³ ³ ³ 5.4
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 37.2 ³ 31.8 ³ 144
INTRODUCED TO JOB³ ³ ³ 35.2
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
³ 7.8 ³ 4.0 ³ 26
OTHER ³ ³ ³ 6.4
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
Column 258 151 409
Total 63.1 36.9 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Number of Missing Observations: 139
TABLE 8.6: WHETHER JOB WAS NEWLY CREATED BY GENDER
Col Pct ³
³ Row
³ MALE ³ FEMALE ³ Total
REPLACED ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 77.0 ³ 67.2 ³ 241
NEWLY CREATED JOB³ ³ ³ 73.5
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 23.0 ³ 32.8 ³ 87
REPLACED EMPLOYED³ ³ ³ 26.5
ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
Column 209 119 328
Total 63.7 36.3 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Number of Missing Observations: 220. Chisq=3.7, p=.05
TABLE 8.7: GUANXI USE BY 1993 GRADUATING SENIORS
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
MALE 301 5.6379 3.084 .178
FEMALE 165 4.7758 3.140 .244
Data for 1993 seniors at time of graduation. t=2.9, p<.01.
TABLE 8.8: GUANXI USE BY 1993 EMPLOYED GRADUATING
SENIORS
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
MALE 234 5.3718 2.987 .195
FEMALE 149 4.5839 3.091 .253
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. t=2.5, p<.05.
TABLE 8.9: GUANXI USE BY 1993 UNEMPLOYED GRADUATING
SENIORS
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
MALE 60 6.5667 3.259 .421
FEMALE 14 6.0000 2.855 .763
T-test shows no significant difference
TABLE 8.10: WHO INTRODUCED STUDENTS TO THEIR EMPLOYERS?
Col Pct
Row
MALE FEMALE Total
JOBINTRO ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 2.7 ³ 15.3 ³ 15
MOTHER ³ ³ ³ 6.8
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 5.4 ³ 8.3 ³ 14
FRIEND OF MOTHER ³ ³ ³ 6.4
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 18.9 ³ 12.5 ³ 37
FATHER ³ ³ ³ 16.9
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 17.6 ³ 12.5 ³ 35
FRIEND OF FATHER ³ ³ ³ 15.9
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 5.4 ³ 1.4 ³ 9
SIBLING ³ ³ ³ 4.1
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 2.0 ³ 1.4 ³ 4
FRIEND OF SIBLING³ ³ ³ 1.8
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 7.4 ³ 9.7 ³ 18
RELATIVE ³ ³ ³ 8.2
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 6.1 ³ 5.6 ³ 13
FRIEND OF RELATI ³ ³ ³ 5.9
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 18.9 ³ 18.1 ³ 41
PERSONAL FRIEND ³ ³ ³ 18.6
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 3.4 ³ 5.6 ³ 9
FRIEND OF FRIEND ³ ³ ³ 4.1
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 3.4 ³ 2.8 ³ 7
COMPANY EMPLOYEE ³ ³ ³ 3.2
ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
³ 8.8 ³ 6.9 ³ 18
SOMEONE FROM ³ ³ ³ 8.2
SHENZHEN UNIV ÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´
Column 148 72 220
Total 67.3 32.7 100.0
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of graduation.
TABLE 9.1: FREQUENCY OF JOB CHANGE BEFORE GRADUATION
PREVIOUSLY TOOK FULL-TIME JOB
Frequency Percent
YES 127 29.7
NO 296 69.3
Valid cases 423 Missing cases 4
1 = least use of skills; 5 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation.
TABLE 9.2 INFLUENCE OF USE OF SKILLS ON CHANGING JOBS
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
LIKELY TO CHANGE 68 2.4118 1.175 .142
UNLIKELY 182 3.0549 .909 .067
(t=-4.9, p<.001) 1 = least use of skills; 5 = most use. Data for 1993
seniors who reported they were working at time of graduation.
TABLE 9.3: INFLUENCE OF USE OF ONE'S STUDY KNOWLEDGE
SKILLS ON CHANGING JOBS
Number Standard Standard
of Cases Mean Deviation Error
LIKELY TO CHANGE 69 2.2754 1.247 .150
UNLIKELY 188 3.3245 1.186 .087
(t=-6.2, p<.001). 1 = least use of study in job; 5 = most use. Data
for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of graduation.
TABLE 9.4: STUDENTS' REJECTING JOB OFFERS
Frequency Percent
NONE REJECTED 44 15.2
ONE REJECTED 99 34.3
TWO REJECTED 81 28.0
THREE REJECTED 35 12.1
4 OR MORE REJECTED 30 10.4
Valid cases 289 Missing cases 139
TABLE 9.5: GUANXI USE BY NUMBER OF JOB OFFERS REJECTED
Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 5.0 3.1 265
REJECTED NO OFFERS 6.3 3.0 36
REJECTED ONE OFFER 4.7 3.1 93
REJECTED TWO OFFERS 4.7 3.4 77
REJECTED THREE OFFERS 5.6 2.6 33
REJECTED FOUR OR MORE OFFERS 4.5 2.7 26
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 265 OR 48.4 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. For seniors working at the time
of 1993 graduation. The group mean scores for guanxi use for the first
two groups are significantly different according to a oneway analysis of
variance.
TABLE 9.6: HOW STUDENTS FOUND PRESENT JOB
Value Label Frequency Percent
BY HIM/HER SELF 87 22.5
CAMPUS RECRUITMENT 117 30.2
PUBLIC ADVERTISEMENT 19 4.9
INTRODUCED TO JOB 140 36.2
OTHER 24 6.2
Valid cases 387 Missing cases 40
For seniors working at the time of 1993 graduation.
TABLE 9.7: GUANXI USE BY HOW CRUCIAL THE INTRODUCTION WAS
Variable Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 6.2 3.0 217
VERY UNIMPORTANT 4.7 2.9 26
NOT IMPORTANT 4.2 3.1 16
AVERAGE 6.1 3.0 64
IMPORTANT 7.0 2.2 51
CRUCIAL 6.9 3.1 60
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 331 OR 60.4 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. According to a oneway
analysis of variance the difference between the end two variables is
significantly different from either of the other two end variables at
the .05 level.
TABLE 9.8: GUANXI USE ACCORDING TO OBJECT OF
INTRODUCTION
Variable Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 6.3 3.0 216
HIGH RANKING OFFICIAL 6.4 3.0 100
SUPERVISOR/HEAD 6.2 2.9 42
PERSONNEL OFFICER 6.0 3.0 65
ORDINARY EMPLOYEE 6.8 3.5 9
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 332 OR 60.6 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. The differences in
mean scores are not statistically significant.
TABLE 9.9: RANKED ORDER OF GUANXI USE BY TYPE OF
INTRODUCTION
Variable Mean Std Dev Cases Rank in terms
of frequency
For Entire Population 6.6 2.8 193
RELATIVE 8.7 2.6 17 4
FRIEND OF SIBLING 8.3 4.6 3 12
SIBLING 7.3 2.2 8 10
FRIEND OF RELATIVE 7.3 2.1 12 7
MOTHER 7.2 2.4 13 6
FATHER 7.0 2.3 32 2
FRIEND OF MOTHER 6.5 2.1 11 8
FRIEND OF FATHER 6.5 3.0 30 3
PERSONAL FRIEND 6.1 2.6 34 1
FRIEND OF FRIEND 5.9 2.7 9 9
COMPANY EMPLOYEE 5.9 2.9 7 11
SOMEONE FROM SZU 4.6 3.6 17 4
Total Cases = 547 Missing Cases = 354 OR 64.7 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. According to a oneway
analysis of variance the differences between mean scores in two variable
groups are significant at the .05 level: relative and someone from
Shenda; relative and personal friend.
TABLE 9.10: GUANXI USE BY STRENGTH OF TIE (PERSONAL
FRIEND CLASSIFIED AS STRONG TIE)
Variable Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 6.6 2.8 193
strong tie 7.0 2.6 104
weak tie 6.2 3.0 89
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 355 OR 64.8 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. The differences are
statistically significant (t=2.11, p<.05).
TABLE 9.11:: GUANXI USE BY STRENGTH OF TIE (PERSONAL
FRIEND AS SEPARATE CATEGORY).
For Entire Population 6.6 2.8 193
strong tie 7.5 2.4 70
weak tie 6.2 3.0 89
personal friend 6.1 2.6 34
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 355 OR 64.8 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. According to a oneway
analysis of variance the difference between "strong tie" and each of the
other two groups is significant at the .05 level.
TABLE 9.12: USE OF FIELD OF STUDY IN JOB BY STUDENT'S
DEPARTMENT
Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 3.0 1.3 375
ARCHITECTURE 4.0 1.0 45
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3.3 1.3 41
LAW 3.2 1.3 17
INT'L FINANCE & TRADE 3.0 1.2 61
ECONOMICS 3.0 1.2 62
CHINESE 2.8 1.0 24
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2.5 1.1 22
CIVIL ENGINEERING 2.5 1.3 19
MATH 2.5 1.2 15
MANAGEMENT 2.4 1.1 10
FOREIGN LANGUAGE 2.3 .8 28
PHYSICS 2.3 1.8 6
CHEMISTRY 2.3 1.3 25
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 173 OR 31.6 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. Although the rank
order may make intuitive sense the only statistical difference between
groups, according to a oneway analysis of variance, is between (1)
Electrical Engineering and Chemistry and (2) Architecture and:
Chemistry, Foreign Language, Management, Math, Civil Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, Chinese, and Economics.
TABLE 9.13: STUDENTS' GUANXI USE BY DEPARTMENT
Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 5.3 3.1 474
MANAGEMENT 7.2 2.4 25
CHEMISTRY 7.0 3.0 42
PHYSICS 7.0 3.0 13
MATH 6.0 2.9 19
CIVIL ENGINEERING 5.7 3.3 23
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 5.6 3.5 60
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 5.6 3.3 29
ARCHITECTURE 5.5 2.4 47
LAW 5.0 2.4 19
INT'L FINANCE & TRADE 4.6 3.0 67
ECONOMICS 4.6 2.9 70
CHINESE 4.5 3.2 29
FOREIGN LANGUAGE 3.5 3.0 31
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 74 OR 13.5 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. Although the rank
order may make intuitive sense the only statistically significant
difference between groups, according to a oneway analysis of variance,
is between (1) Management and Foreign Language, Chinese, Economics, and
Trade; (2) Chemistry and Foreign Language, Chinese, Economics, and
Trade; and (3) Physics and Foreign Language.
TABLE 9.14: GUANXI USE BY STUDENTS' JOB TYPE
Mean Std Dev Cases
For entire population 4.8 3.1 302
PROPERTY 5.8* 3.0 51
OFFICEWORK 5.4 3.5 39
BUSINESS 5.2 2.8 41
GOVERNMENT 5.0 2.6 13
SCIENCE 4.9 3.2 35
INFORMATION/SERVICE 4.3 .5 6
MONEY 3.9* 3.1 108
SECURITIES 3.6 2.7 9
Total Cases = 547 Missing Cases = 245 OR 44.8 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. Oneway analysis of
variance indicates that only groups marked with (*) are significantly
different at the .050 level.
Table 9.15: STUDENTS' TYPE OF WORKUNIT
Frequency Percent
STATE CO/GOVERNMENT 295 73.2
JOINT VENTURE 43 10.7
SOLE FOREIGN-OWNED 32 7.9
OTHER 33 8.2
Valid cases 403 Missing cases 24
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation.
TABLE 9.16: GUANXI USE BY STUDENT'S TYPE OF WORKUNIT
Mean Std Dev Cases
For Entire Population 5.1 3.1 389
STATE CO/GOVERNMENT 5.3 3.1 280
JOINT VENTURE 5.1 2.2 43
SOLE FOREIGN-OWNED 2.2 2.2 30
OTHER 6.3 2.9 36
Total Cases = 548 Missing Cases = 159 OR 29.0 PCT.
0 = least use of guanxi; 12 = most use. Data for 1993 seniors who
reported they were working at time of graduation. According to a oneway
analysis of variance the difference between groups is statistically
significant between Sole Foreign-Owned companies and the other groups.
"Other" may include privately owned Chinese enterprises.
TABLE 9.17: MONTHLY SALARY (RMB) ACCORDING TO TYPE OF
WORKUNIT
mean std. dev total cases
FOR ENTIRE POPULATION 1040.53 628.90 194
STATE CO/GOVERNMENT 939.16 544.78 136
JOINT VENTURE 1031.85 541.40 20
SOLE FOREIGN-OWNED 1770.45 834.47 22
OTHER 909.37 422.78 16
Total Cases = 547 Missing Cases = 353 OR 64.5 PCT.
Data for 1993 seniors who reported they were working at time of
graduation. Several factors account for the large number of missing
cases: 20% of respondents were not working at the time of graduation.
Often, salary is not discussed until a contract is signed, which may be
several months after one starts working. This is especially the case in
state companies, the category where most of the missing cases appear.